A Complete Review of the Wyoming Legislative Process & What Happending During the 2026 Budget Session
Wyoming’s Legislative Process: Structure, Sessions, and Budget Authority
The Wyoming Legislature operates as a citizen legislature, meaning it meets part-time for a limited number of days each year. It functions on a biennial cycle, with a total of 60 legislative days allocated over two years.
The General Session, held in odd-numbered years (such as 2025), is the longer session, with 40 days allotted. During this session, lawmakers may introduce and consider a broad range of legislation, and bills require only a simple majority vote to pass.
In contrast, the Budget Session, held in even-numbered years (such as 2026), is shorter, typically lasting 20 days. The primary responsibility during this session is to develop and pass the state’s biennial budget. Because of time constraints, non-budget bills face a higher threshold. They must receive a two-thirds majority vote to be introduced and again to pass. Any unused days from the General Session may be carried over and used during the Budget Session if necessary.
During a General Session, the Legislature may also pass a supplemental budget. This allows adjustments to the existing budget, including addressing funding gaps, responding to cost changes, or accounting for inflation. While supplemental budgets have become common practice since their adoption in the 1970s, the Legislature notably did not pass one in 2025. This marked a rare departure from past practice and reflected a level of fiscal restraint, even though individual bills with financial impacts were still enacted during that session.
From Passage to Law: The Governor’s Role and the Veto Process
Once a bill passes both the Senate and the House during either session, it becomes an enrolled act. At that point, the Governor has several options: sign the bill into law, allow it to become law without a signature, veto the bill, or apply a line-item veto to portions of a budget bill.
If the Legislature is still in session, the Governor has three days (excluding Sundays) to act on a bill after it reaches his desk. If the Legislature has adjourned, the Governor has fifteen days to make a decision.
To override a veto, the Majority Floor Leader in the chamber where the bill originated must bring a motion to the floor. Each chamber has its own Majority Floor Leader, elected by its members and responsible for managing floor proceedings. Once the motion is made, the chamber may debate the veto. A two-thirds majority vote is required in the originating chamber to proceed with the override.
If that vote succeeds, the process repeats in the other chamber. A motion is made, debate may occur, and another two-thirds majority vote is required. If both chambers reach that threshold, the veto is overridden and the bill becomes law.
If the Legislature is not in session at the time of the veto, a special session must be called to attempt an override. Under Article 3, Section 7 of the Wyoming Constitution, legislators may initiate a special session by circulating a written petition. If two-thirds of both chambers sign the petition (42 House members and 21 Senators), the Legislature may convene to consider the veto.
While this outlines how a bill becomes law, the process begins much earlier. Understanding how legislation is created provides necessary context for how it ultimately moves through the system.
Bill Creation: Drafting, Sponsors, and Interim Committees
Wyoming’s legislative process operates through two connected systems: how bills are created and how they move through committees. While bills originate in different ways, all follow a structured drafting process.
Many bills begin as joint interim committee bills. These are developed during the interim, the period between legislative sessions, by committees made up of members from both the House and Senate. These committees meet across the state to study issues, gather public input, and develop proposals for the next session.
Committee membership is appointed by chamber leadership, typically the presiding officer, and is generally based on the majority party. The Wyoming Legislative Management Council, composed of House and Senate leadership, assigns topics and priorities for interim study.
Once the legislative session begins, these joint committees separate back into standing committees within their respective chambers. Each standing committee then works independently on legislation assigned to it.
After the session concludes, most standing committees merge again into joint interim committees. The Management Council continues to guide their work, overseeing the Legislative Service Office (LSO), monitoring committee activity, setting the budget session calendar, and managing administrative functions of the Legislature.
Many of the bills introduced in a session originate from this interim committee process. These committees maintain the same general structure and subject areas both during the interim and during session.
Other bills are introduced by individual lawmakers, either Representatives or Senators, who serve as sponsors. Sponsors are responsible for introducing the bill and guiding it through the legislative process. Additional lawmakers may join as co-sponsors to demonstrate support and help build momentum.
These proposals often stem from constituent concerns, state agencies, interest groups, policy objectives, court decisions, legal issues, or campaign priorities.
From initial development to final consideration, all bills move through the committee system. Interim committees shape proposals before session, while standing committees handle them once the session begins, often with largely the same members serving in both roles.
Standing and Interim Committees: How They Function
These committees form the backbone of Wyoming’s legislative work, each focusing on specific policy areas and the Legislature maintains consistent committee structures across both interim and session work, including:
- Judiciary
- Appropriations
- Revenue
- Education
- Agriculture, State and Public Lands & Water Resources
- Travel, Recreation, Wildlife & Culture Resources
- Corporations, Elections, and Political Subdivisions
- Transportation, Highways and Military Affairs
- Minerals, Business and Economic Development
- Labor, Health, & Social Services
- Journal (only a standing committee)
- Rules and Procedures (only a standing committee)
Once a bill is drafted and introduced, it enters the formal legislative process, where it moves through committees, floor debate, and multiple stages of consideration.
The Legislative Process: How a Bill Moves Through the Legislature
Once drafted, the bill begins its formal journey through the legislative process. Every proposed bill is drafted and reviewed by the Legislative Service Office (LSO), which ensures the proposal is legally sound before assigning it an official bill number. House bills begin with “HB,” and Senate bills begin with “SF,” indicating their chamber of origin. The LSO also assists sponsors with language and structure.
Although there is no strict drafting deadline during the interim, legislators typically aim to pre-file bills in early December. Once the session begins, a firm cutoff is established, usually about one-quarter of the way through the session. This deadline marks the last opportunity for bills to be introduced and assigned a number.
After a bill is drafted, it must first be considered for introduction. This is the first major hurdle. During budget sessions, where time is limited, many bills do not pass this stage. If a bill fails introduction, it is immediately dead.
If introduced, the bill is assigned to a standing committee for detailed review. Committees may take testimony, debate the bill, and adopt amendments. A majority vote is required to move the bill out of committee. If it fails, it dies at that stage.
Once reported out of committee, the Floor Majority Leader places the bill on the General File, which determines the order in which bills are debated by the full chamber.
The bill then proceeds through three readings:
- First Reading (Committee of the Whole): The full chamber debates the bill and considers amendments. A voice vote is taken. If the bill is not heard before the Committee of the Whole deadline, it dies on the General File.
- Second Reading: The bill is considered again the following day and may still be amended. Another voice vote is taken. If the bill is not heard before the second reading deadline, it dies.
- Third Reading: This is the final vote in the chamber. A recorded roll call vote is required. If the bill passes, it moves to the other chamber. If it fails, it is dead for the session.
If a bill fails at any stage, a member may move to suspend the rules and request reconsideration. A majority vote is required to proceed. If approved, the bill returns to the stage where it previously failed. If the motion fails, the bill remains dead.
Once a bill passes one chamber, it moves to the other chamber, where the entire process repeats: from Committee to General File then Three Readings and Three Votes
A key deadline in the second chamber requires bills to be reported out of committee by a specific date. If they are not, they die regardless of prior progress.
Throughout the process, amendments may be introduced at both the committee level and during floor debate. These changes can significantly alter the bill’s meaning or impact.
Where Bills Commonly Stall in the Process
Understanding where legislation fails is just as important as understanding how it passes. At each stage of the process, there are specific points where bills are most likely to stall or be eliminated.
The most common failure points include:
- Failure of introduction (especially common in budget sessions)
- Committee vote failure
- Never being scheduled on the General File
- Not being heard before the Committee of the Whole deadline
- Missing the second chamber committee deadline
- Running out of legislative days
2026 Budget Session: Bill Outcomes and Legislative Activity
With an understanding of how bills move through the process, the outcomes of the 2026 Budget Session provide a clearer picture of how that process played out in practice.
A total of 335 bills were filed during Wyoming’s 68th Legislative Budget Session. Of those, 110 originated as committee bills developed by joint interim committees, while the remaining 235 were introduced by individual lawmakers.
Senate Activity
The Senate, composed of 31 members, introduced 135 bills at the start of the session, including 55 committee bills and 80 individually sponsored bills.
Outcomes in the Senate included:
- 70 bills were signed into law
- 2 were vetoed by the Governor (SF119 and SF101)
- 32 failed the two-thirds introduction vote
- 1 was not introduced for consideration
- 1 was postponed indefinitely
- 7 died in Senate committees
- 1 was withdrawn by the sponsor
- 2 failed during first reading (Committee of the Whole)
- 2 failed during third reading
Once Senate bills moved to the House:
- 4 died in House committees
- 10 failed during first reading
- 3 failed during third reading
House Activity
The House, with 62 representatives, introduced 200 bills, including 58 committee bills and 142 individually sponsored bills.
Outcomes in the House included:
- 60 failed the two-thirds introduction vote
- 48 were not considered for introduction
- 5 failed in committee
- 20 were not considered for first reading
- 1 failed during first reading (Committee of the Whole)
- 1 failed during third reading
- 2 were withdrawn by their sponsors
Once House bills moved to the Senate:
- 6 died in Senate committees
- 10 failed introduction due to cutoff deadlines
- 2 failed after reconsideration attempts
- 3 failed during first reading (Committee of the Whole)
- 3 failed during third reading
- 1 was vetoed by the Governor
- 41 were signed into law
What These Outcomes Indicate
These results show that the session was not defined solely by the bills that became law. A significant portion of legislative activity ended at the introduction stage, where the two-thirds threshold limited which proposals advanced to committee review.
As a result, many bills with majority support were never debated in committee or on the floor. The following section highlights several of those measures.
Bills That Failed to Advance at Introduction
The following bills did not receive the two-thirds vote required for introduction in their chamber of origin, preventing further debate:
- HB60 – Attorney General Elected
Would have made the Attorney General a statewide elected position, establishing terms, salary, and vacancy procedures while reducing gubernatorial appointment authority. (vote total: 35–26) - HB88 – Public Funds Lobbying
Would have prohibited state and local entities, including school districts, from using public funds to lobby the Legislature or support organizations. (vote total: 27–34–1) - HB93 – Judicial Transparency
Would have required Wyoming courts to provide free public access to records and audio recordings online, with searchable systems and timely posting. (vote total: 34–28) - HB134 – Legislator Email Transparency
Would have required the LSO to ensure constituent emails are delivered directly to legislators unless flagged as a verified security threat. (vote total: 32–27–3) - HB135 – Public Officials and Nondisclosure Agreements
Would have prohibited public officials from entering into nondisclosure agreements in their official capacity and established penalties for violations. (vote total: 36–25–1) - HB179 – Hospital Pricing Transparency
Would have required hospitals to disclose pricing for services and prescription drugs, with enforcement through the Department of Health. (vote total: 31–29–2) - HJ3 – Nuclear Waste Storage Approval
Proposed a constitutional amendment requiring voter approval before high-level radioactive waste or spent nuclear fuel could be stored in Wyoming. (vote total: 32–30) - SF49 – Public Records Act Revisions
Proposed changes including shorter response timelines, standardized fees, expanded definitions, and increased enforcement authority. (vote total: 15–16) - SF97 – Cash Payments for Government Entities
Would have required government entities to accept cash payments and prohibited additional fees for cash transactions. (vote total: 19–12) - SJ4 – Judicial Nomination Reform
Proposed restructuring the judicial nominating commission and requiring Senate confirmation for Supreme Court justices. (vote total: 16–15)
While understanding where bills fail provides insight into the legislative process, the most significant responsibility of a budget session remains the passage of the state budget. This is where legislative priorities are ultimately reflected in funding decisions.
State Budget Overview and Process
While policy bills often receive the most attention, the primary responsibility of a budget session is to pass the state budget. This process reflects not only funding decisions, but also broader priorities and policy direction.
Wyoming’s budget is developed through two primary bills: HB1 and SF1. Although both are referred to as budget bills, they do not begin as identical measures. Each chamber’s Appropriations Committee starts with the Governor’s recommendation, then develops its own version based on its priorities and perspectives.
As the budget moves through each chamber, legislators debate, amend, and adjust funding across multiple areas. By the time each chamber reaches third reading, the two versions often differ significantly.
At that point, a conference committee is appointed by legislative leadership to reconcile the differences. This committee works to produce a single unified version, meeting as many times as necessary within session deadlines.
Once agreement is reached, the final version is sent back to both chambers for approval. If both pass the reconciled bill, it is then sent to the Governor.
Although budget bills are considered “must-pass,” they are still subject to the same legislative process and can fail. However, because Wyoming operates on a biennial budget, a failure does not immediately halt state operations. The existing budget remains in place, and lawmakers may address funding through separate legislation or a special session.
The scale of the budget process is significant. In 2026, more than 40 hours of debate occurred, with 247 amendments considered in the House and 72 in the Senate.
Budget Highlights and Key Allocations
The final budget reflects a combination of the Governor’s proposal and legislative adjustments:
- The Governor’s recommended biennial budget totaled $11.1 billion, a 12% increase from the 2024 budget.
- The Legislature approved a $10.099 billion budget, reducing spending by approximately $836 million (7.6%) from 2024 levels and over $1 billion (9%) from the Governor’s proposal.
Major Funding Sources
- General Fund: $3.46 billion (34.2%)
- Federal Funds: $2.19 billion (21.7%)
- School Foundation Program: $2.27 billion (22.5%)
- Other Funds: $2.18 billion (21.6%)
Key Allocations
- Department of Health: $2.66 billion
- K–12 Education: $2.21 billion
- Higher Education:
- Community Colleges: $293.4 million
- University of Wyoming: $486.8 million
- Department of Corrections: $346.1 million
- Department of Family Services: $339.3 million
Additional Appropriations
- $16 million (up to) for rare earth resource projects
- $15 million for tourism projects
- $172.2 million to restore portions of the Governor’s recommendations
- $111.8 million for salary adjustments
- $3.3 million for court security grants
- Smaller allocations for outdoor recreation, veterinary education, and historical projects
State Budget Overview and Process
While policy bills often receive the most attention, the primary responsibility of a budget session is to pass the state budget. This process reflects not only funding decisions, but also broader priorities and policy direction.
Wyoming’s budget is developed through two primary bills: HB1 and SF1. Although both are referred to as budget bills, they do not begin as identical measures. Each chamber’s Appropriations Committee starts with the Governor’s recommendation, then develops its own version based on its priorities and perspectives.
As the budget moves through each chamber, legislators debate, amend, and adjust funding across multiple areas. By the time each chamber reaches third reading, the two versions often differ significantly.
At that point, a conference committee is appointed by legislative leadership to reconcile the differences. This committee works to produce a single unified version, meeting as many times as necessary within session deadlines.
Once agreement is reached, the final version is sent back to both chambers for approval. If both pass the reconciled bill, it is then sent to the Governor.
Although budget bills are considered “must-pass,” they are still subject to the same legislative process and can fail. However, because Wyoming operates on a biennial budget, a failure does not immediately halt state operations. The existing budget remains in place, and lawmakers may address funding through separate legislation or a special session.
The scale of the budget process is significant. In 2026, more than 40 hours of debate occurred, with 247 amendments considered in the House and 72 in the Senate.
Budget Highlights and Key Allocations
The final budget reflects a combination of the Governor’s proposal and legislative adjustments:
- The Governor’s recommended biennial budget totaled $11.1 billion, a 12% increase from the 2024 budget.
- The Legislature approved a $10.099 billion budget, reducing spending by approximately $836 million (7.6%) from 2024 levels and over $1 billion (9%) from the Governor’s proposal.
Major Funding Sources
- General Fund: $3.46 billion (34.2%)
- Federal Funds: $2.19 billion (21.7%)
- School Foundation Program: $2.27 billion (22.5%)
- Other Funds: $2.18 billion (21.6%)
Key Allocations
- Department of Health: $2.66 billion
- K–12 Education: $2.21 billion
- Higher Education:
- Community Colleges: $293.4 million
- University of Wyoming: $486.8 million
- Department of Corrections: $346.1 million
- Department of Family Services: $339.3 million
Additional Appropriations
- $16 million (up to) for rare earth resource projects
- $15 million for tourism projects
- $172.2 million to restore portions of the Governor’s recommendations
- $111.8 million for salary adjustments
- $3.3 million for court security grants
- Smaller allocations for outdoor recreation, veterinary education, and historical projects
Legislative Budget Operations
In addition to the general state budget, SF0002 funds the legislative branch itself, including the Legislative Service Office and operational costs of the Legislature.
Often referred to as the “feed bill,” this measure covers legislator compensation, staff salaries, travel expenses, and administrative operations. It also provides flexibility for leadership, through the Management Council, to address unexpected costs such as special sessions or legal challenges.
Unlike other bills with fiscal impact, SF0002 is not incorporated into the final overall budget total.
Recent funding levels show steady growth:
- 2022: $22.1 million
- 2024: $23.6 million
- 2026: $26.1 million
The largest increases between 2024 and 2026 were in travel expenses, organizational dues, and staffing.
Legislative Spending Breakdown
Legislative spending is divided into several primary categories, with compensation and operations making up the largest share:
- Compensation: $11.5 million for LSO staff, $1.15 million for legislators during session, and $2.24 million for interim work
- Travel: Approximately $1.5 million for session travel and $1.25 million for interim travel
- Benefits: $4.9 million in employer-paid benefits
- Administrative Support: $1.5 million for general operations
- Membership Dues: $667,190 for national and regional organizations
Additional appropriations include smaller but targeted expenses such as telecommunications ($50,000), statutory publications ($405,000), and system support services.
Below-the-line items provide flexible authority for things like litigation costs, special sessions, and training reimbursements, without fixed dollar amounts in some cases.
Additional Appropriation Bills
Beyond the primary budget bills, the Legislature approved additional measures with direct fiscal impact. These bills contribute to the overall budget total of approximately $10.1 billion.
Key examples include:
- HB34 / HB35: Firefighter retirement and compensation adjustments ($181,000 and $422,500)
- HB36 / HB106: Wildland fire response and leadership funding ($2.57 million and $499,709)
- HB105: K–12 facilities funding ($237.9 million)
- HB107: Local government distributions (county and municipal support)
- HB111: Capital construction funding across agencies, including:
- $228.7 million (General Fund)
- $59.2 million (Private Funds)
- $47 million (Federal Funds)
- $84.8 million to the University of Wyoming
Additional appropriations included task force funding ($50,000) and large-scale project funding through SF52 ($5.0 million).
While the budget reflects how the state allocates resources, it also raises a related question: how those resources are generated. This brings into focus tax policy, particularly property taxes, which became a central issue during the session.
Property Tax Policy and Relief Efforts
Property tax relief was one of the most debated issues during the session, as lawmakers responded to rising costs for Wyoming residents. While many proposals aimed to reduce tax burdens, they differed significantly in structure, scope, and long-term impact.
Some bills targeted specific groups, while others attempted broader system-wide changes. This raised an important policy question: when tax relief is directed toward one group without corresponding spending reforms, the fiscal impact does not disappear. Instead, it must be shifted elsewhere, either to taxpayers or into the broader state budget.
This debate also highlighted constitutional considerations, including equal treatment under the law and whether policy should differentiate between groups of residents when distributing tax relief.
More broadly, the discussion raised a fundamental issue: if state spending continues to grow, is tax relief alone a sufficient solution? Many proposals reflected the need to evaluate not only immediate relief, but also long-term structural reform.
Bills That Passed
- HB45 – Long-Term Homeowner Tax Exemption Revisions
Adjusted eligibility and benefit structures for qualifying homeowners to provide targeted property tax relief. While the bill offered assistance to specific residents, it did not address broader structural concerns within the property tax system. - SF79 – Sales and Use Tax Reorganization
Reorganized statutory language governing sales and use taxes, clarifying how in-state and out-of-state transactions are handled. This measure focused on administrative efficiency rather than direct tax reduction. - SF80 – Department of Revenue Electronic Communication
Modernized communication between the state and taxpayers by shifting from paper-based systems to electronic notifications, improving efficiency and accessibility.
Bills That Failed or Did Not Advance
A wide range of proposals did not move forward, despite some receiving majority support:
- SF110 – Residential Property Tax Revisions
Proposed targeted reforms to limit tax burdens on primary residences. While intended to provide relief, the bill raised questions about how benefits would be distributed and sustained over time. (Failed House introduction: vote was 30–31–1) - HB73 – Property Reassessment on Transfer
Would have required property to be reassessed at market value upon sale, potentially increasing tax obligations for new property owners. (Failed House introduction: vote was 37–25) - HB124 – Property Tax Exemption Reduction
Proposed limiting existing exemptions, which could have increased tax liability for certain groups. (Failed House introduction: vote was 31–29–2) - SF78 / SF77 – Taxable Value and Exemption Changes
Attempted to modify how property values and exemptions are calculated, reflecting broader efforts to restructure the system. (Failed introduction) - HB58 / HB118 – Structural Tax Changes
Proposed more fundamental changes to property tax mechanisms but were not considered for introduction
These outcomes highlight the difficulty of advancing tax reform, particularly when balancing immediate relief with long-term fiscal stability.
Tax policy focused on financial pressures facing residents, another major area of concern during the session centered on the integrity and administration of Wyoming’s election system.
Election Policy and Integrity
Election-related legislation reflected ongoing efforts to maintain confidence in Wyoming’s electoral process through transparency, efficiency, and accountability.
Lawmakers considered proposals addressing system security, voter identification, audit procedures, and administrative clarity. While these efforts aimed to strengthen trust in the electoral system, the results revealed a clear divide, particularly in the House, where many bills received majority support but failed to meet the two-thirds threshold required for introduction.
Bills That Passed
- SF28 – Voting System Testing
Strengthened requirements for testing voting machines and expanded public access to observe testing procedures. This measure aimed to increase transparency and public confidence in election systems. - SF30 – Voter Registration Revisions
Standardized the definition of a “qualified elector,” aligning eligibility requirements across statutes. This reduced ambiguity without significantly altering voter qualifications. - SF113 – Hand Count Comparison
Required hand-count audits of approximately 5% of ballots in the 2026 elections. While intended to verify machine accuracy, the measure also raises questions about scalability and long-term implementation.
Bills That Failed or Did Not Advance
A number of proposals aimed at expanding election oversight did not pass:
- HB48 / HB94 – Election purity and hand count
These bills would have required all elections in Wyoming to be conducted using hand-counted paper ballots and prohibited the use of voting machines for casting or tabulating votes. It also established statewide standards for ballot handling, reconciliation, and audits. The bill failed House introduction (32–30). (Failed House introduction)
- HB49 / HB50 – Ballot Collection Restrictions
Sought to limit the use of drop boxes and third-party ballot collection. Supporters viewed these as safeguards, while opponents raised concerns about voter access. (Failed House introduction) - HB51 / HB53 – Audit Expansion and Poll Watcher Authority
Proposed expanding oversight and observation of election processes. (Failed House introduction) - HB85 – Post-Election Audit Procedures
Would have strengthened audit requirements but failed in the Senate (3rd reading failed 9–21) - SF29 – Voter Identification Revisions
Proposed changes to acceptable forms of identification, continuing an ongoing debate over voter ID requirements. (Failed Senate introduction 18–13)
Additional measures related to recount procedures, audit requirements, and enforcement provisions also failed to advance in the Senate. These outcomes highlight a recurring theme: while there is strong interest in election reform, consensus on how to implement those changes remains limited.
Beyond election policy, lawmakers also prioritized legislation addressing public safety and the protection of vulnerable populations, particularly children.
Public Safety and Protection of Children
A significant portion of legislation focused on protecting children, particularly in response to concerns about exploitation, safety, and emerging technological threats.
These measures addressed both prevention and enforcement, strengthening existing laws while adapting to new risks.
Bills That Passed
- HB8 – Stalking of Minors
Strengthened existing law by recognizing that offenses involving minors carry greater risk, elevating penalties to a felony in certain cases. - HB9 – Grooming of Children
Created a felony offense targeting patterns of manipulation used to prepare minors for exploitation. The bill establishes clear definitions and penalties of up to 30 years, strengthening early intervention tools for law enforcement. - HB28 – Sexual Exploitation Amendments
Expanded statutory definitions to close gaps in existing law, improving consistency in enforcement and prosecution. - HB92 – Sex Offenders and Public Office
Prohibited registered sex offenders from holding certain public offices, establishing eligibility standards tied to public trust. - HB102 – AI and Child Exploitation
Addressed emerging threats by criminalizing the use of artificial intelligence in creating exploitative content, ensuring that technological advancements do not create legal loopholes. - SF9 – Fentanyl to Minors
Increased penalties for distributing fentanyl to individuals under 18, recognizing the heightened risk associated with the drug. - SF85 – Raven Act
Allocated $1.6 million to support investigations and prevention efforts related to online child exploitation, providing dedicated funding for enforcement. - SF88 – Residency Restrictions
Expanded restrictions preventing registered sex offenders from living near childcare facilities, strengthening safeguards for young children.
Bills That Did Not Pass
- HB72 – Obscenity Amendments
Proposed expanding restrictions on materials accessible to minors, including in schools and libraries, but was not considered for introduction. - HB10 – Library Material Requirements
Would have required libraries to restrict access to sexually explicit materials for minors and implement a formal review process.
While not all proposed measures advanced, the volume and scope of legislation in this area reflect continued concern for protecting children and addressing evolving risks. These discussions often extend beyond a single policy area, connecting to broader questions about the role of government, enforcement, and public accountability. The following section examines another area where these principles were debated during the session.
Government Transparency
Government transparency is essential to a functioning system of self-government. When information about policies, budgets, and decision-making processes is accessible, citizens are better equipped to evaluate leadership, participate meaningfully in civic life, and make informed decisions. Transparency also reduces the risk of waste, mismanagement, and abuse of power by bringing public actions into the open.
Ultimately, transparency strengthens public trust and reinforces the principle that government exists to serve the people, not operate independently of them. Without clear access to information and accountability mechanisms, that relationship begins to erode.
During this legislative session, multiple bills were introduced to expand transparency and improve access to public information. However, progress was limited, with many proposals failing to advance due to divisions within the legislature.
Bills that did not pass introduction
HB0088 – Public funds lobbying
This bill would have prohibited the use of taxpayer funds to influence legislative action. It failed House introduction (vote total: 27–34–1).
HB0093 – Judicial transparency
This bill required courts to provide free public access to records and livestream proceedings, with limited exceptions for sensitive cases. It also directed the judicial branch to develop a statewide access system. Failed House introduction (vote total: 34–28).
HB00134 – Legislator email transparency
This bill addressed concerns about filtered constituent communications by requiring verification of email filtering and ensuring legitimate messages could reach legislators upon request. It created a transparency mechanism without removing cybersecurity protections. Failed House introduction (vote total: 32–27–3).
HB0135 – Public officials nondisclosure agreements
This bill prohibited public officials from entering into nondisclosure agreements that restrict disclosure of information involving public funds or government operations. It also established penalties and allowed legal challenges. Failed House introduction (vote total: 36–25–1).
SF0049 – Public Records Act revisions
This bill strengthened public records access by shortening response timelines, standardizing fees, and expanding enforcement through referrals and penalties. It also aimed to improve consistency in how records requests are handled. Failed Senate introduction (vote total: 15–16).
Bills that passed one chamber but did not become law
HB0022 – Recall of municipal officers
This bill established a process allowing voters to recall local elected officials through petition and election procedures, including defined timelines and limitations. It passed the Senate but failed to advance further.
HB0083 – Legislative subpoena penalties
This bill increased penalties for failing to comply with legislative subpoenas. It passed the House but failed in the Senate on third reading.
HB0141 – Fifth Amendment Protection Act
This bill prohibited local governments from imposing certain housing-related fees tied to development, based on the principle that private property should not be burdened without just compensation. It passed the House but did not advance in the Senate.
Another Notable Proposal
HB0060 – Attorney General elected
This bill proposed transitioning Wyoming’s Attorney General from an appointed to an elected position, establishing a four-year term and shifting accountability directly to voters. Supporters argued this would strengthen separation of powers and increase public oversight. The bill failed House introduction (vote total: 35–26–1).
While transparency focuses on how government operates and remains accountable to the public, other debates this session centered on what responsibilities government holds in protecting fundamental rights. Among the most significant of these discussions were those surrounding the protection of life and how that principle is reflected in law.
Right to Life
The protection of life is a foundational principle reflected in both the United States and Wyoming Constitutions. Recent legal changes returning authority over abortion policy to the states have led to renewed legislative activity as states define how this responsibility is carried out.
During this session, Wyoming lawmakers considered several bills addressing the scope of protections for unborn life and the role of the state in regulating abortion.
Bills that passed
HB0003 – Wyoming Pregnancy Centers – Autonomy and Rights
This bill prohibits state and local governments from requiring pregnancy centers to provide, refer for, or promote abortion-related services. It also allows legal action if these protections are violated.
HB0126 – Human Heartbeat Act
This bill prohibits most abortions once a fetal heartbeat is detected, typically around six weeks of pregnancy, with limited exceptions. It reflects legislative intent to recognize a detectable heartbeat as an indicator of developing human life. The bill passed both chambers but is expected to face legal challenges under existing court interpretations.
Bill that did not pass
HB0186 – Baby Olivia Act
This bill proposed requiring human development education in schools, including medically accurate instruction and visual materials. While the intent was to expand student understanding of fetal development, concerns were raised about statutory placement and potential impacts on local control over curriculum. The bill failed House introduction (vote total: 39–20–3).
In addition to debates surrounding the protection of life, lawmakers also considered legislation addressing other fundamental rights rooted in both the United States and Wyoming Constitutions. Among these were Second Amendment issues, where discussions focused on how the right to keep and bear arms is defined, protected, and applied in practice.
Second Amendment
The right to keep and bear arms is recognized as a fundamental constitutional protection at both the federal and state levels. Legislative discussions this session focused on how that right is interpreted, applied, and protected in practice.
Lawmakers considered proposals addressing restoration of rights, regulatory limits, and the relationship between state and federal authority in firearm policy.
Bills that passed
HB0039 – Firearms rights restoration amendments
Clarifies that Wyoming recognizes restoration of firearm rights granted in other states where a conviction occurred, though it does not extend to other civil rights.
HB0096 – Concealed carry age requirement
Lowers the minimum age for a concealed carry permit from 21 to 18 while maintaining existing eligibility requirements and safeguards.
HB0098 – Prohibit red flag gun seizure act amendments
Establishes penalties for knowingly violating Wyoming’s prohibition on red flag firearm seizures, reinforcing existing statutory protections.
Bills that did not pass
HB0095 – Concealed carry on college campuses
Would have allowed concealed carry on public college and university campuses without a permit, with limited exceptions.
HB0130 – Second Amendment Protection Act amendments
Expanded existing protections by restricting enforcement of certain federal firearm regulations and creating civil liability for violations. The bill had significant legislative support but failed in the Senate.
HB0097 – Second Amendment financial privacy amendments
Would have prohibited firearm-specific merchant category codes used to track purchases and established penalties for violations. The bill advanced early but did not receive further consideration.
SF0101 – Second Amendment Protection Act amendments
This bill passed the legislature but was ultimately vetoed. It proposed expanding Wyoming’s existing Second Amendment protections by adding a civil enforcement mechanism, allowing individuals to challenge the use of state and local resources in enforcing certain federal firearm regulations not reflected in Wyoming law.
Supporters argued the bill was a logical next step following Wyoming’s earlier Second Amendment Protection Act. While prior law established criminal penalties, proponents contended those provisions lacked practical enforcement. Adding a civil cause of action was seen as a way to give the policy real effect by allowing individuals to hold agencies accountable. They emphasized that the bill was narrowly tailored, applying only to actions “solely” related to federal firearm regulations and only to individuals legally permitted to possess firearms under Wyoming law.
Opponents, including the Governor and members of the law enforcement community, raised concerns about how the bill would function in practice. They argued the language could create ambiguity for officers operating in complex situations where federal and state authorities overlap. Concerns were also raised about increased legal exposure for agencies, the potential for costly litigation, and whether the bill could disrupt coordination between state and federal law enforcement efforts.
The debate surrounding SF0101 highlighted a broader divide over how Wyoming should balance the protection of constitutional rights with maintaining effective and coordinated law enforcement. While supporters viewed the bill as an affirmation of state sovereignty and individual liberty, opponents saw it as introducing uncertainty into an already complex enforcement landscape. With the veto, the issue remains unresolved and likely to return in future sessions.
Health Care / Medical Legislation
Healthcare legislation this session focused on the complexity of access, cost, and oversight within Wyoming’s medical system. Lawmakers considered proposals addressing patient rights, provider regulations, and the role of state agencies in shaping how care is delivered.
At the center of these discussions were several key questions: What is the proper role of government in healthcare? What unintended consequences arise when that role expands or contracts? And how should the balance between access, quality, and cost be managed without placing unnecessary burdens on taxpayers?
The government’s role is neither total control nor complete absence, but a limited framework that protects patient freedom, ensures safety, promotes transparency, and preserves competition. That balance, however, remains difficult to achieve. When policy overreaches through excessive regulation or market distortion, it risks driving up costs and limiting choice. When it falls short, it risks failing to protect patients.
Several bills introduced this session reflected these tensions. Some aimed to expand access, while others raised concerns about shifting authority away from elected representatives and toward regulatory bodies. A number of proposals ultimately failed to advance, underscoring the difficulty of reaching consensus in this area.
Bills that passed
SF0005 – Hospital bankruptcy proceedings This bill passed and significantly expanded the authority of trustees for county memorial hospitals and hospital districts to pursue Chapter 9 bankruptcy or dissolution. Under the enacted version, trustees may initiate these actions with approval from county commissioners for county hospitals, while hospital districts are no longer required to obtain voter approval. Public notice requirements were posting a bankruptcy plan seven days prior to consideration. While the bill provides struggling hospitals with a more streamlined path to address financial distress, it raises concerns about reduced community oversight and accountability, particularly in areas where these hospitals serve as the primary or sole source of care. Critics argue this could prioritize financial survival over accountability to financial responsibility on essential services.
SF0004 – Medicaid rate increase – EMS services This bill increases reimbursement rates for emergency medical services provided to Medicaid recipients, bringing the state’s contribution to 100% of the enhanced rate with a corresponding federal match and a $1.3 million general fund appropriation. It applies only to Medicaid patients and does not broadly address overall EMS challenges of responsibility in funding.
SF0057 – Transparency in hospital service pricing This bill, known as the Hospital Price Transparency Act, requires hospitals to maintain and provide searchable public lists of standard charges for services and items, with enforcement mechanisms and penalties for noncompliance. The goal is to empower patients and insurers with clearer cost information, potentially driving competition and reducing surprise billing. While it promotes consumer awareness in a complex health care market, implementation may impose administrative burdens on facilities already facing financial pressures.
SF0121 – Wyoming Pharmacy Act amendments This bill passed and expanded the statutory definition of the “practice of pharmacy” to include assessing patients, initiating care, and prescribing certain medications. Authority for the scope of these services is largely delegated to rulemaking by the Board of Pharmacy rather than fixed in statute. While the measure seeks to increase access to care, particularly in underserved rural communities where pharmacist availability exceeds that of physicians, it raises concerns about shifting clinical decision-making away from physicians toward a regulatory framework with less direct legislative oversight. By delegating broad authority to an unelected board under the executive branch, the bill reduces direct public accountability. Future expansions or restrictions would occur through rulemaking rather than open legislative debate, introducing uncertainty about long-term application.
HB0004 – Birthing centers – Medicaid coverage This bill authorizes Medicaid reimbursement for services provided by licensed birthing centers, aiming to expand maternal care options and improve access in rural areas where traditional hospital-based maternity services are limited or declining. It does expand the Medicaid program.
HB0003 – Wyoming pregnancy centers – autonomy and rights This bill provides legislative findings and prohibits state and local governmental entities from adopting laws or rules that unduly burden the operations of pregnancy centers, protecting their autonomy in providing counseling, pregnancy tests, and related services.
HB0122 – Wyoming rural health transformation program This bill establishes the Wyoming Rural Health Transformation Program to administer approximately $205 million in federal funds, creating an advisory committee, an expenditure account, and a perpetuity fund for sustainable investments.
Bills that Did Not Pass
HB0013 – Ivermectin without prescription This bill would have allowed ivermectin to be sold over the counter without a prescription by removing existing medical and pharmacy restrictions. It failed House introduction on a 38–23–1 vote.
HB0064 – Enhanced Medicaid reimbursement rate – maternal services This bill aimed to authorize enhanced Medicaid reimbursement rates for eligible maternal health providers in rural areas to help prevent “maternity deserts” and sustain obstetric services. It failed introduction in the House (27–34 vote), falling short of the two-thirds majority required in the budget session.
HB0063 – Medicaid reimbursement – nursing homes This bill sought adjustments to Medicaid reimbursement rates for nursing homes to support long-term care facilities facing operational challenges. It failed introduction in the House.
HB0161 – Wyoming health insurance market study This bill proposed a comprehensive study of Wyoming’s health insurance market, including legislative findings and a required report to identify challenges and potential reforms. It did not advance fully through the process.
HB0143 – Free speech for health care providers This bill, titled the Free Speech for Health Care Providers Act, sought to prohibit state agencies and boards from discriminating against providers based on their speech or expressions, while offering protections against adverse actions and certain contracting/licensing requirements. It advanced through committee but did not proceed to full consideration on the House floor.
Schools and Education
Education was a major focus this session, with lawmakers considering a wide range of bills affecting funding, governance, and the day-to-day operation of Wyoming schools. Both the state’s constitutional responsibility to provide a complete and uniform system and the practical challenges of delivering education were central to the discussion.
Debates often centered on how education funding is structured, how effectively schools are meeting expectations, and the increasing cost per student across the state. At the same time, broader questions emerged about the role of the state versus local communities in shaping education policy.
The challenges extend beyond funding. Lawmakers also addressed concerns related to curriculum, classroom policy, student behavior, and overall system accountability. Taxpayers continue to expect measurable outcomes alongside responsible spending, while families seek greater involvement in decisions affecting their children.
A consistent tension throughout these discussions was the balance between local control and state-level direction. While the state is responsible for ensuring standards are met, many policy decisions—particularly those affecting daily school operations—raise questions about whether authority should remain closer to parents and local communities.
Bills that passed
SF0018 – Attendance of students in K-12 schools
Ensures that public schools are “equally free and accessible” to part-time students, allowing greater flexibility for families to enroll children in specific classes or programs without requiring full-time attendance.
HB0023 – Participation in school activities
Expands access to extracurricular and cocurricular activities beginning in the 2026–2027 school year. School districts are required to allow resident school-age children, including homeschool, private school, and alternative education students, to participate in district activities, provided they meet eligibility requirements.
The bill removes enrollment-based barriers and supports broader participation in school programs while maintaining standards for involvement.
SF0035 – School district cell phone and smart watch policies
Requires school districts to adopt policies governing student use of cell phones and smart watches. While presented as a classroom management tool addressing distractions and student behavior, the bill raises broader questions about who should set policies for students during the school day. By establishing a state-level framework, it shifts authority away from parents and local districts toward a more centralized approach. This is particularly relevant in Wyoming, where families often rely on devices for practical needs such as communication across long distances, transportation coordination, and safety. The bill does not require meaningful parental input or guarantee flexibility for varying local circumstances. As a result, it highlights an ongoing tension not over whether policies are needed, but over who determines them and whether parents are treated as partners or sidelined in decisions affecting their children.
While these bills addressed specific aspects of school operations and policy, a much larger portion of the education debate this session centered on how the entire system is funded. At the core of that discussion was the required recalibration of Wyoming’s school finance model, a process that carries significant implications for both funding levels and the structure of public education moving forward.
School Finance & Recalibration
SF0081 – K-12 Public School Finance Recalibration
Referred to as the recalibration bill, SF0081 was a central focus of the session. Recalibration is not optional; it is a required statutory process intended to update Wyoming’s school funding model to reflect current costs and conditions. The purpose is to adjust and maintain the existing framework, not to redefine the scope of public education.
This year’s updates included adding approximately 260 staff positions statewide, increasing average teacher salaries from roughly $67,000 to $75,000, restructuring teacher compensation calculations, accelerating transportation funding, modifying special education timelines, increasing substitute pay, and adjusting enrollment calculations.
The bill also exists within the context of ongoing litigation over school funding. In 2022, the Wyoming Education Association filed suit arguing that the state was underfunding public education and failing to meet its constitutional obligations. A district court ruling found the current model constitutionally insufficient, citing failure to maintain the system as a cost-based model and to adjust for inflation and evolving educational needs. The state has appealed that decision to the Wyoming Supreme Court, and as of April 2026, the case remains unresolved.
This has reignited a long-standing debate over what Wyoming’s Constitution requires when it mandates a “complete and uniform” and “thorough and efficient” system of education. At the center of that debate is a fundamental question: where does the state’s obligation end, and where does legislative discretion begin?
Supporters of recalibration argue that SF0081 represents a good-faith effort to maintain the funding model in line with fiscal realities. However, others contend that without more structural reform, periodic adjustments alone may not be sufficient to address the deficiencies identified by the court.
The issue extends beyond funding levels to what is included in the constitutionally required “basket of goods” that defines education. As costs and expectations continue to grow—covering areas such as mental health services, school resource officers, and technology—the question becomes how far that obligation should expand.
Funding cannot be separated from outcomes. If the state is required to invest significant resources into education, there must also be meaningful accountability for performance. A constitutionally compliant system is not only one that is adequately funded, but one that demonstrates those resources are effectively supporting student achievement.
When performance falls short, the system must include clear mechanisms for correction. This remains a gap in the current structure. Without defined consequences tied to outcomes, increased investment alone does not guarantee improved results.
Bills That Did Not Advance Late in Session
On March 3, 2026, the final day for bills to be considered by the Committee of the Whole, a series of procedural decisions effectively halted progress on multiple pieces of legislation. A recess was called shortly after session began, and when the Senate returned, limited time remained before adjournment. As a result, several bills on General File were not heard and failed to advance.
- HB0084 – Falsifying Election Documents- would have created and strengthened criminal penalties for knowingly falsifying election-related documents (such as ballots, registrations, or certifications), aiming to protect election integrity and deter fraud.
- HB0010 – Sexually Explicit Materials in Libraries Requirements– would have established standards for restricting minors’ access to sexually explicit materials in public and school libraries. It typically requires review processes, classification, and potential removal or limited access to certain materials.
- HB0052 – Elections: Hand Counting for Recounts-would have required that election recounts be conducted by hand rather than by machine to increase transparency and to public confidence in election results.
- HB0070 – Wyoming Granite Act, was a broad election integrity bill focused on tightening voter eligibility and registration processes, including provisions like proof of citizenship requirements and maintenance of voter rolls.
- HB0095 – Concealed Carry on Colleges and Universities, would have allowed individuals with valid concealed carry permits to carry firearms on public college and university campuses, expanding Second Amendment rights in higher education settings.
- HB0117 – Stop Harm, Empower Women with Informed Notices, would have created requirements for medical facilities to give women specific medical or informational notices (often related to abortion or chemical abortion procedures), ensuring informed consent and awareness of risks and alternatives.
- HB0127 – Voter Approval for Recreation Mill Levy, would have required that any new or increased recreation-related property tax (mill levy) must be approved directly by voters rather than imposed solely by local governing bodies.
- HB0147 – Property Tax Exemptions: Effect of People’s Initiative, would have clarified how property tax exemptions created through citizen-led ballot initiatives are applied and enforced, ensuring consistency with voter-approved measures.
- HB0157 – Protection of Parental Rights: Cause of Action, this bill created a legal pathway (cause of action) allowing parents to sue if they believe their fundamental rights regarding the care, custody, and upbringing of their children have been violated.
- HB0159 – Safeguarding Personal Expression at K-12 Schools, the passing of this bill would have protected students’ rights to free expression in public schools, ensuring they can express beliefs (including political or religious views) without undue restriction, within certain limits.
While the Legislature fulfilled its primary responsibility of passing a budget, and did so with measurable restraint, many policy areas revealed clear divides in approach and philosophy. Bills focused on protecting children had strong success, reflecting a shared willingness to act where there is broad agreement around safety and well-being. Areas such as election integrity, government transparency, and property taxes saw a high number of proposals fail early in the process, often at the introduction stage where the two-thirds threshold limited further debate. In many cases, these were not issues lacking support, but issues where consensus on approach was not reached.
Education policy highlighted a different kind of tension, surrounding funding, accountability, and the scope of the system remain unresolved, particularly as the state navigates constitutional requirements and ongoing legal challenges. Healthcare and regulatory bills reflected an ongoing debate over the role of government itself specifically, whether authority should remain with elected representatives or be delegated to agencies and boards.
Across multiple categories, a consistent theme emerged: not just a disagreement over policy goals, but over who should decide and how those decisions should be implemented and enforced. The differing views around the function of government, balancing the protection of rights, the management of public resources and dollars, and the structure through which decisions are made. In some cases, legislation advanced that reinforced existing systems, while in others, proposals that would have shifted authority or increased transparency were unable to move forward.
This session was not defined solely by what passed, but by what was not allowed to advance. The outcome reflects both the constraints of a budget session and a broader divergence in how legislators interpret the role of government. While progress was made in several areas, many of the most debated issues in Wyoming remain unresolved.









